Blood is a bodily fluid that comprehends ample statistics about the health conditions of the subject. Due to the easiness and low-cost of the procedure, it is used as the diagnostic measure for many diseases. Leucocytes are the important components of the blood and hence studied for many serious, contiguous and life-threatening diseases. However, leukocytes are generally classified in laboratories by manual analysis of microscopic images. It is a meticulous and subjective task for pathologists. Human-factors like stress, fatigue and lack of competency can affect the process. Manual examination of blood samples under light microscope can prone to errors. Automated analysis of microscopic data can increase the reliability and throughput of pathologists. This paper reviews the state of the art work in the leucocyte identification and classification.This paper summarizes the current state-of-the-art methods for leucocyte identification and counting. Leucocyte segmentation can be served as the preliminary step in many automated microscopic diagnosis. It also presents the basic structural and textural appearance of the leucocytes which may help in automated analysis. It also covers different stages required for computer-based analysis of blood smear. It analyses the state of the art techniques for various steps of leucocyte identification and classification. This research also provide a list of public datasets for the said research. This research can be used as the beacon house for novice researcher of the field. It provides the in-depth analysis of the current research for leucocyte identification. It also highlights the research gaps and future research directions.
Este trabajo propone un modelo de crecimiento tumoral basado en una difusión estocástica Gompertz de tipo no homogéneo, cuyo coeficiente drift depende de dos funciones de tiempo que influyen en el comportamiento dinámico del modelo, y que puede ser interpretado en el contexto del tipo de crecimiento celular. La primera de estas funciones temporales es un factor de terapia inmunológica endógeno, y la segunda es un factor de terapia exógeno que modela la dinámica de un tratamiento controlable externamente sobre el crecimiento tumoral.\nSe presenta un estudio computacional, para el modelo descrito por El Kettani et al. (2014), con el objetivo mostrar la interrelación entre los parámetros internos del proceso de difusión (coeficiente de decaimiento del efecto terapéutico endógeno y las ponderaciones ligadas a cada tipo de las terapias externas consideradas) y el coeficiente de difusión global del modelo, aplicado al crecimiento celular del cáncer de pulmón de células no pequeñas. Todo ello, a partir de las características del modelo de la ecuación diferencial de Itô correspondiente, obteniendo explícitamente la expresión de las funciones tendencias.
Fluoride ion (or simply fluoride) is a hugely abundant element on Earth which is a naturally occurring compound derived from fluorine [1]. Fluoride is characterized by its small radius and its great tendency to behave as a ligand [2]. Fluoride constitutes a large number of different organic and inorganic compounds in soil, rocks, air, plants and animals. It is found in surface and groundwater as an almost completely dissociated fluoride ion [3]. This presence is usually related to geochemical reactions or anthropogenic activities for example; the disposal of industrial wastewater [4]. The natural amount of fluoride in groundwater depends on the geological, chemical, and physical characteristics of the aquifer, the availability and solubility of fluoride minerals, rate of flowing water, temperature, pH, and concentration of other chemicals like calcium and bicarbonate ions [5]. Many studies reveal that drinking water is the major source of fluoride daily intake [6]. Fluoride is an essential trace element for animals and humans and it makes water hazardous when present in excess. World Health Organization (WHO) has specified the tolerance limit of fluoride content of drinking water at 1.5 mg/L [7]. Excessive fluoride intake causes adverse health effects such as crippling skeletal fluorosis that is a significant cause of morbidity in a number of regions of the world. Fluoride is also toxic and its accumulation causes harm of brain/mind development of children [8]. Studies have shown that the exposure to high doses of fluoride leads to Kidney diseases [9].