This paper is an attempt to characterise the 18th CE Palm leaf manuscript of India`s southern and eastern part based on its structural elements. Investigative studies were carried using polarised light microscope and stereomicroscope for the samples drawn from Indian states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Odisha. From the data, it is observed that the palm leaf species of Borassus and Corypha mostly drawn from southern and eastern states of India were extensively exploited for manuscript writing in whole of India. The microscopic observation also showed the weak zones present in the palm leaf manuscripts for suitable conservation measures.

ABSTRACT\nFor several years, gummosis and citrus’ descending death have been attributed to Phytophthora spp species, so bringing them under control is being difficult because of pathogens unawareness. Therefore, the causal agent as well as its symptoms (provoking the death of Persian lime plantings in the state of Morelos, Mexico) were morphological and phylogenetic identified. From 46 orchards of Persian lime, several samples of damaged tissue were collected from their main trunk, and from both their primary and secondary branches. To conduct morphological analyses, codes for gender were implemented, samples sown in V8-agar culture and put under white light at ± 24 °C (75.2°F) for about 2 days. Young colonies begun with a white-colored but, as they grew up, the color changed into a darker one. We carried out molecular characterization in 15 strains which were purified and their DNA extracted using the AP method, but for PCR to be conducted, ITS5/ITS4 primers were utilized. The National Center for Biological Information (NCBI) server was able to establish DNA sequence and the homology; the fifteen sequences were deposited in its gene bank. Having some morphological and molecular characteristics as well as pathogenicity tests, the identification of Lasiodiplodia citricola, L. pseudoteobromae and L. theobromae species was possible. From all isolates, 11 were not aligned to any species which suggest a possibility of having one or two new species of Lasiodiplodia. To our knowledge, the three species of phytopathogen fungus that have been isolated and identified, are now new for Persian lime studies in Mexico.

The anadromous Tenualosa ilish is the most economically important fish in the world and consequently in Iran. The national fish of Iranian contributes about 12% of the total fish production and about 1% of GDP. About 4,500,000 people are directly involved with the catching for livelihood; around four to five million people are indirectly involved with the trade. The present study aimed to estimate 96 hLC50s of silver and selenium on LC50 of nanoparticle of silver and selenium in different life stages of the fish T. ilish in the environment experimental. The LC50 for silver in four stages of fish T. ilish were larvae (0.23 ppm), fry (0.45 ppm), juvenile (0.90 ppm) and fingerling (1.45 ppm), respectively. There was significance difference between LC50 levels in four stages of fish species (P < 0.05) and the LC50 for selenium in four stages of fish T. ilish were larvae (0.89 ppm), fry (0.95 ppm), juvenile (1.12 ppm) and fingerling (1.65 ppm), respectively. There was significance difference between LC50 levels in four stages of fish species (P < 0.05). Variability in acute toxicity even in a single species and single toxicant depending on the size, age and condition of the test species along with experimental factors. Finally, in order of the toxicity of heavy metal in different stage of fish were larvae > fry > juvenile > fingerling, respectively. In conclusion, the toxicity tended to elevate with decreasing fish size.

Quality of groundwater is considered to be of vital importance for all human beings and animals due to its extensive use for drinking purpose. In this connection, 60 water samples collected from rural areas of district DG Khan and Muzaffargarh, Pakistan were evaluated for physicochemical parameters (color, taste, odor, turbidity, pH and TDS), essential metals (Na+, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2), heavy metals (Mn, As, Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr) and microbiological organisms (total coliform and faecal coliform) which revealed that 47, 30, 27, 31, 57, 12, 8, 23 and 18% water samples were having high concentration of Ca, Na, K, Fe, As, Cu, TDS, total coliform and faecal coliform respectively. Calculation of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) showed that 22% water samples were not suitable for irrigation purpose. Other than this, health risk assessment due to high content of heavy metals was carried out by calculating CDI and HRI for both adults and children separately. Calculated mean CDI and HRI were found in the order of As>Mn>Cr>Ni>Cu>Zn>Fe and As>Mn>Ni>Cu>Cr>Zn>Fe respectively and overall arsenic HRI>1 in 73 and 50% water samples for children and adults respectively. Pollution index (Pi) for Fe and As was significant among all heavy metals analyzed.

The present study considers a continuous review inventory system for inventory model involving lost sales reduction through capital investment cost function and the reduction of lead time accompanies a decrease of ordering cost. Two forms of capital investment cost function viz. logarithmic and power are employed to reduce the lost sales rate. We also consider two relationships between ordering cost and lead time viz. linear and logarithmic. We develop four inventory models by taking different combination of capital investment cost function and ordering cost lead time relationship. The objective is to minimize the total related cost by simultaneously optimizing the order quantity, safety factor, fraction of the shortages during the stock-out period that will be lost and length of lead time. The lead time demand is assumed to follow mixture of normal distribution. Computer programs using the software MATLAB are developed to obtain the optimal solution and provide six numerical examples to illustrate the models.

Saffron plant with high value of economic rank has an important role in the non-petroleum Iran´s foreign exports. Consequently, identifying of suitable areas for expansion of saffron cultivation could be an important task in Moghan County, northwest of Iran. In addition, understanding the role of existing environmental factors in growth of saffron needs a comprehensive study and variety of spatial data as well as the associated attributes. With the help of GIS it is possible to supply such information and also to set up different kind of spatial analysis based on renowned models. In this work based on the saffron ecological and environmental requirements, one of the well-known Multi-criteria judgment analyses (AHP model) was introduced in ARCGIS software setting. Modeling processes such as statistical and mathematical analysis of the data was sequentially pioneered and the suitable areas for saffron cultivation have been investigated. The results showed that the AHP model is a sufficiently appropriate approach for the evaluating of suitable lands for saffron growth and development throughout Moghan County geographic extent.